Method for correction and make-up of type matter for planographic printing processes



H. R. FREUND METHOD FOR CORRECTION AND MAKE-UP OF TYPE MATTER FOR PLANOGRAPHIC PRINTING PROCESSES l6 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Jan. 19, 1950 5.25m Lo (E26 INVENTOR HERMAN R. FREU ND ATTO R N EY Nov. 17, 1953 R, FREUND METHOD FOR CORRECTION AND MAKE-UP OF TYPE MATTER FOR PLANOGRAPHIC PRINTING PROCESSES Filed Jan. 19, 1950 16 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR HER N R. FREUND ATTORNEY NOV. 17, 1953 H, R FREUND 2,659,282

METHOD FOR CORRECTION AND MAKE-UP OF TYPE MATTER FOR PLANOGRAPHIC PRINTING PROCESSES Filed Jan. 19, 1950 16 Sheets-Sheet 3 V m l I L f' r v o INVENTOR g Q HERMAN R.FREUND ATTORN EY METHOD FOR CORRECTION AND MAKE-UP OF TYPE MATTER FOR PLANOGRAPHIC PRINTING PROCESSES i i 'l 5 1 l l E i M IHWHWH i i i i film W M ran? lMi C l! 53 I": 72 NEE ml INVENTOR HERMAN R. FREU ND ATTORNEY j BY 1953 H. R. FREUND METHOD FOR CORRECTION AND MAKEI-UP OF TYPE MATTER FOR PLANOGRAPHIC PRINTING PROCESSES l6 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed Jan. 19, 1950 S R R l.

L VENTOR H AN R. FREUND ATTORNEY Nov. 17, 1953 H. R. FREUND 2,659, 82

METHOD FOR CORRECTION AND MAKE-UP OF TYPE MATTER FOR PLANOGRAPHIC PRINTING PROCESSES l6 Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed Jan. 19. 1950 w n m N R N D. m w c T m A HERMA H. R. FREUND Nov. 17, 1953 2,659,282 METHOD FOR CORRECTION AND MAKE-UP OF TYPE MATTER FOR FLANOGRAPHIC PRINTING PROCESSES l6 Sheets-Sheet 7 Filed Jan. 19, 1950 ILINTOR HERMAN R. FREUND ATTORNEY H. R. FREUND Nov. 1 7, 1953 2,659,282 METHOD FOR CORRECTION AND MAKES-UP OF TYPE MATTER FOR PLANOGRAPHIC PRINTING PROCESSES 16 Sheets-Sheet 8 Filed Jan. 19, 1950 mm hm INVENTOR HERMAN R. FREUND ATTORN EY H. R. FREUND TION AND MAK 2,659,282 E-UP OF TYPE MATTER METHOD FOR CORREC FOR PLANOGRAPHIC PRINTING PROCESS l6 Sheets-Sheet 9 -INVENTOR HERMAN R. FREUND ATTORNEY Nov. 1 7, 1953 Filed Jan. 19, 1950 NOV. 17, 1953 H FREUND 2,659,282

METHOD FOR CORRECTI ON AND MAKE-UP OF TYPE MATTER FOR PLANOGRAPHIC PRINTING PROCESSES Filed Jan. 19, 1950 16 Sheets$heet 10 INVENTOR 28 HERMAN R. FREUND ATTORNEY Nov. 17, 1953 R, FREUND 2,659,282

H. METHOD FOR CORRECTION AND MAKE-UP OF TYPE MATTE FOR PLANOGRAPHIC PRINTING PROCESSES 16 Sheets-Sheet l 1 Filed Jan. 19, 1950 INVENTOR HERMAN R. FREUND I BY ATTORNEY NOV. 17, 1953 H U D 2,659,282

METHOD FOR CORRECTION AND MAKE-UP OF TYPE MATTER FOR PLANOGRAPHIC PRINTING PROCESSES Filed Jan. 19, 1950 16 Sheets-Sheet l2 HHIIIMMIW HIHHHHHH llll NTOR HERMAN R. FREUND BY I ATTORNEY Nov. 17, 1953 R FREUND 2,659,282

METHOD FOR CORRECTION AND MAKE-UP OF TYPE MATTER FOR PLANOGRAPHIC PRINTING PROCESSES Filed Jan. 19, 1950 16 Sheets-Sheet 15 OOOOOOOO UUUUUUQE UUUUUUUU A Ll. )uo0&booo OOOOQUDO 0 050C 000000 J I. u o Ff F A U U vn 1 OQOKQOOO 00000009 9 00000 000000 A) INVENTOR HERMAN R. FREU ND ATTO R N EY Nqv. 17, 1953 R FREUND 2,659,282

H. METHOD FOR CORRECTION AND MAKE-UP OF TYPE MATTER FOR PLANOGRAPHIC PRINTING PROCESSES Filed Jan. 19, 1950 16 Sheets-Sheet 14 INVENTOR HERMAN R. FREUND ATTORNEY NOV. 17, 1953 R FREUND 2,659,282

METHOD FOR CORRECTION AND MAKE-UP OF TYPE MATTER FOR PLANOGRAPHIC PRINTING PROCESSES Filed Jan. 19, 1950 16 Sheets-Sheet 15 0 1 P l 4 .I i 8 J 1011 12131415161718192021222.324252521329303132333353537 illllllllllllllIllllllllLllllllllllllI! we w INVENTOR ATTORNEY NOV. 17, 1953 R, FREUND 2,659,282

METHOD FOR CORRECTION AND MAKE-UP OF TYPE MATTER FOR PLANCGRAPHIC PRINTING PROCESSES l6 Sheets-Sheet 16 Filed Jan. 19 1950 INVENTOR HERMAN R. FREUND AT OR N EY Patented Nov. 17, 1553 METHOD FOR CORRECTION AND MAKE-UP OF TYPE MATTER FOR PLANO'GRAPHIC PRENTING PROCESSES Herman R. Freund, Brooklyn, N. Y., assignor to inter-type Corporation, Brooklyn, N. Y., a corporation of New York Application January 19, 1950, Serial No. 139,422

Claims. 1

This invention relates to the typographical art and more particularly to improvements useful in effecting corrections or alterations in type matter produced on sensitized film or paper, as in a photographic line-composing machine, and in subsequently effecting trimming, relative alignment and stripping together of units or hlocks of type matter borne on different pieces of film or paper, thus to provide a composite make-up from which to obtain a reproduction proof and finally a planographic printing plate useful in ofiset and gravure printing processes.

More specifically, the invention relates to improved apparatus and procedure adapted to solve the difficult problem of executing corrections and make-up with the high degree of accuracy required in relative spacing, parallelism and alignment as between individual lines and columns thereof and between different units or blocks of type when associated together to form a composite sheet or page. A cording to known proposals for solving correction and make-up problems, the procedures are not only slow, costl and technically inadequate to deal with type in different point sizes, but are susceptible to such uncontrollable errors as naturally arise from variations in judgment and degree of skill of the Worker.

The solution provided by the present invention distinguishes from such prior proposals in that it eliminates the human element from all of the manipulations necessary in effecting corrections and make-up, the required accuracy being attained automatically in. respect to type in the full range of type sizes commonly used and the procedures being rapid, flexible and economical throughout.

Among the objects of the invention are the following:

To provide mechanism operative to associate with each line of type at the time it is produced on an original or primary sheet of or paper, physical indicia useful for aligning and locating purposes in subseouent correction, trim ming and make-up operations, such indicia preferably being in form of perforations made in the primary sheet toward the edges thereof and at the opposite ends of line, and bearing a definite relationship to the line-starting margin and the base-alignment level of the respective lines.

To provide a line-s rlp punch adapt-a to utilize the aforesaid indicia to align relative to a shearing knife any faul y line required to be severed out of a primary sheet in order to replace it with a substitute corrected line, the lat- 2 ter being severed by the knife from a secondary sheet on which such line is produced with similar aligning indicia.

To provide a trimming board adapted to utilize the aforesaid indicia for locating and aligning purposes while cutting off and trimming portions of a sheet squarely and to such size and marginal dimensions as the customary make-up dummy may designate as appropriate for different lines or different blocks of type borne by the sheet.

To provide a make-up plate or table adapted to utilize the aforesaidindicia to relatively locate and align the type matter borne by diiferent trimmed portions of a sheet while assembling and marginally aligning such portions into the composite page form required for the final step of preparing aprinting plate.

Other objects are to provide auxiliary facili-' ties such as a vacuum box having a transparent cover illuminated from beneath and useful in effecting rapid and accurate insertion and stripping in of corrected or substitute line-strips; a vacuum arrangement in association with the make-up plate or table for holding steady the several trimmed portions of a sheet while manipulating them into exact relative positions and stripping them together, and alternative arrangements for using the aforementioned linestrip punch either to partially or to fully sever faulty and correct line-strips from a sheet, regardless of the point-size of the type and the spacing between successive lines.

The foregoing and other objectives of the invention and the many advantages arising from the practicev thereof will be best understood from the detailed description to follow in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

Figure 1' is a partial front elevation of a photographic line-composing machine having a film holder provided with punches by which to produce the physical line-locating indicia or perforations necessary to carrying out the invention.

Figure 1 is a perspective view on a reduced scale of a character-bearing element suited to the photographic reproduction of lines of type matter in the machine shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1 is a detail showing a hand adjusting wheel that extends" from the right end of the assembler slide scale drum seen at the lower right 01 Fig; 1.

Figure 2 is a perspective end elevation showing the camera unit" at the left side of the machine of Fig. 1.

Figure 3 shows diagrammatically the mechanism associated with the film holder for advancing a sensitized. sheet therein to different extents for spacing successive lines of photographic images.

Figure 4 i similar to 3 but shows the me anism in operated position.

gure 5 shows details of the sheet advancing mechanism as viewed from the bottom of the .lm holder.

Figures 6, 7, 3 and 9 are similar vertical sections through the film holder with the film supply and receiving cases removed, the sections being taken slightly to the right of the optical axis O-O as seen in Fig. 10 and the perforating punches of the invention being shown in the form thereof arranged to operate after comple' tion of line of exposures and before the sensitized sheet is advanced to receive a succeeding line of exposures.

Figure 10 is a schematic plan view in section through the film holder on the optical axis O--O of Figs. 1 and 9, showing a sheet of film threaded through the holder and extending from the film supply case past the exposure aperture and the perforating punches of the invention into the film receiving case.

Figure 11 is a front elevation of the linestrip punch of the invention equipped with a universal shearing knife adapted to sever from a sheet of film or paper, in two operating strokes of the punch, line-strips bearing type in different point sizes.

Figure 12 is a fragmentary plan view of the line strip punch shown in Fig. 11.

Figure 13 is a rear elevation of the line-strip punc shown in Fig. 11.

Figures 14 and 15 are fragmentary sectional views showing the action of the universal shearing knife on a piece of film upon penetrating the die-bed of the punch to diiferent Figures 16 and 17 are vertical sections of the line-s "ip punch taken on the line [5-H in Figs. 11 or 13; Fig. 16 showing the punch in idle position and 17 showing the punch in operated position.

Figure 18 is a plan view showing the die-bed of the line-strip punch and parts associated th rewith for determining the position relative to the shearing knife of lines in different type sizes.

Fi ure 19 is a fragmentary view partly in section on the line It in Fig. 11, showing in detail the mechanism by which a sheet of film or paper is shifted, be ween operating strokes of the line strip punch, to shear above and then below a line of type.

Figure 20 a fragmentary view in front ele vation of the mechanism shown in Fig. 19.

Figures 21 and 22 are fragmentary vertical sections similar to Figs. 16 and 17, but show an alternative embodiment of the line' strip punch wherein exchangeable shearing knives each suited to a different point-size of type are employed and are adapted to completely sever out a line-strip by a single operating stroke of the punch.

Figure 22 is a fragmentary view showing the opening left in a sheet after shearing out a line strip by a knife according to the alternative embodiment of the punch shown in Figs. 21 and 22.

Figure 23 is a plan view similar to Fig. 18, but shows the die-bed of the punch as arranged according to the alternative embodiment of the punch shown in Figs. 21 and 22.

Figure 23 is a diagrammatic view showing l ii iii) the relation of the perforations made in a sheet of film or paper to the line-starting margin and to the base aligning level of lines of type characters reproduced in different type sizes.

Figure 24 is a perspective view of an illumi nated vacuum box provided by the invention for facilitating the insertion of corrected line-strips in a sheet of film or paper from which faulty line-strips are severed by the line-strip punch.

Figure 25 is a diagrammatic view showing a sheet bearing a series of lines of type and which has been shea ed by the line-strip punch of Figs. 11 to 25. to produce removable strips bearing faulty lines.

Figure 25 is a fragmentary view of a portion of the sheet shown in Fig. 25 and drawn on a greatly enlarged scale, whereby to more clearly show the relation between the cut-lines made in the sheet above, below and at the ends of a line of type by the line-strip punch of Figs. 11 to 20.

Figure 25 is similar to Fig. 25, but shows cut-lines such as produced in a sheet when the line-strip punch according to Figs. 11 to 20 is set to compensate for leaded line-spacing.

Figure 26 is similar to Fig. 25, but shows the rectangular openings left in a sheet after removal of line-strips sheared by the punch of Figs. 11 to 20.

Figure 2'7 shows in-section on the line 2l-2l in Fig. 28 the interior of the vacuum box shown in 24.

Figure 28 is a vertical section taken on the line 28-28 in Fig. 27.

Figure 29 is a vertical section taken on the line 253-29 in Fig. 27.

Figures 30, 31 and 32 are similar fragmentary sections taken on the line til-c in 29 show the vacuum chamber control valve in different set positions, whereby to evacuate air from the different chambers of the vacuum box.

Figure is a front elevation on reduced scale of the vacuum box in Fig. 24..

Figure 2a is perspective view 01"; the tricrning board of the invention by which the perforati made by the punches in the film holder are uti heed to squarely trim from a sheet, with d sired head and foot-space and also side margins, por tions bearing different type lines or groups of lines.

Figure 35 is a side elevation viewed from the left edge of the trimming board in Fig. 34 but with thet knife hinge and associated parts re moved.

Figure 36 is perspective View of an overlay member used with the trimming board when dealing with opaque film or paper.

igure 3'! shows a fragmentary sheet of film taken from the film holder it and developed and bearing several different groups of type matter.

Figure 38 shows a fragment of the trimming board with the film sheet of Fig. 37 located thereon for head-space trim above the first group of type on the sheet.

Figure 39 is similar to Fig. 38 but shows the first group of type on a film unit detached from the sheet of 3'7 and located on the trimming board for foot-space trim.

Figure 4.0 is a fragmentary elevation of the parts shown in Fig. 39.

Figure 41 shows an aligning pin adapted to cooperate with the perforations in a sheet or a detached unit thereof and with the trimming board, whereby to locate lines parallel and squarely relative to the knife While trimming to desired dimensions.

Figures 42 and 43 show film units detached from the sheet of Fig. 37 by using the trimming board in the manner shown in Figs. 38 and 39.

Figures ie and show the film units of Figs. 42 and 43 respectively located on the trimming board for margin trim to desired dimensions.

Figure shows the marginally trimmed film units of 44 and 45 as they appear after make-up into a 2-column form through use of the make-up table of Fig. 48.

Figure i7 is similar to Fig. 39 but shows an alternative method of using the trimming board for foot-space trim, particularly when dealing with short lengths of film.

Figure l8 is a fragmentary plan view of the vacuum make-up table of the invention, and shows the marginally trimmed film units of Figs. 44 and i5 located on the table for desired column spacing and horizontal or cross alignment.

Figure 49 is enlarged fragmentary front elevation, in showing details of the vacuum table in Figure 5c is similar to Fig. 8, but shows an alternative embodiment wherein the perforating punches in the film holder are arranged to operate before the start of each line of photographic exposures.

Figure 51 similar to Fig. 50, but shows the perforating punches in operated position.

'gure 52 is an enlarged fragmentary plan view of the parts shown in Fig. 50, a latch for loci-ring the punches against operation when the film holder is to be removed being shown in inactive position.

Figure 53 is similar to Fig. 52, but shows the film holder removed and the punches locked against operation.

For illustrative purposes and by way of exampie the invention is herein described in connection with matter produced directly on sensitized film or paper in a photo-composing machine of the general organization shown in partial front elevation in Fi 1. Such machine is described in detail in pending application Serial No; 941;? 56, filed 23, 1949 (of which I am a co-inventor res rubles in many respects the commercial line composing machines sold under the regis tered trade-marl: intei ype. For photographic composition, however, there is provided at the left side of the machine camera mechanism including a film holder which is movable step-bystep to rec ve projected images of type characters borne by dual elements or matrices of the form shown in 1, each element bearing a master size character which may be optically enlarged or reduced to obtain reproductions in different site of type. It will be understood however that the invention applies to type matter produced in other kinds of photocomposing machines and with the aid of character-bearing members of any form suited to the purpose of obtaining reproduced lines of type.

The p ent invention is concerned primarily with the holder of the photocomposin'g machine and in association wi'tl'i which there is prcvided mechan sm for producing the beforementioned perfor clone which are intended to serve as physical indicia for aligning and locating purposes in correction. trimming and make-up oper-- ations. Accordingly, taking thephotocomposing machine of foregoing pending application asan example, it is deemed sufficient for present purposes merely to briefly review the manner in which composed lines of charaoter=bearing ele ments are circulated through such machine and to outline the movements of the film holder and the film contained therein whereby lines of type matter produced thereon in different type sizes are marginally aligned and spaced coluninwise. For more specific details of the comet action and operation of the mechanism involved in performing these functions, reference is directed to the above identified co-pending application.

Referring to Fig. 1, photographic characterbearing elements (each having a recumbently disposed negative character on a film plaque C embedded in the body of the element) are released from the storage magazine i in response to operation of the keyboard 2 and composed into a line in familiar manner at the assembling station ML The length of the composed line is indicated on a scale S (of which there are several suited to different type sizes), a hand wheel H, Fig. 1 being turned to set the scale endwise to the desired em-length marking. The composed line of elements is then raised to the delivery station Ml, whereupon the line-follower 3 is released and shifts the line leftward to the justifying station M-Z, the follower 3 being connected in known manner to the familiar spring-urged delivery lever 4 whereby to effect such shifting of the line. At the station M4 the 1ine-follower 3 is stopped by and looks with the 1ine-stop 5, the latter being locked at a pre-determined linemeasure position along the line feed rack 6. After operation of justifying devices which include the pivoted rail 1 and co-acting line-length gauging members operated thereby and carried by the follower 3, the vertical bolt s is depressed whereby to release. the locked-together parts 3, 5, and ii and thus subject them to the leftward urge exerted by the delivery lever 4. The justifying de vices referred. to are described in detail in Patent No. 2,395,659 to which reference may be had if desired.

At this time a pair of unidirectionally driven feed chains 9 are started and spaced pick-up lugs 9 thereon operate to remove the elements singly and successively from the leading end of the line of elements at the station M41, each removed element being moved upwardly in a feed channel formed in the vertical wall It of the camera housing I 0 first to a photographing position on the optical axis 0-0 and thence to a discharging position at the top of the feed channel. Here the successively arriving elements are pushed laterally to the right onto the familiar elevator H, which Operates to transport the accumlated line of elements to distributing mecha nism (not shown) associated with the magazine After each removal of an element the remaining elements in the line thereof at the station M2' are advanced bodily leftward (under the urge of the lever i a distance equal to the edge wise thicknessof the removed element, the thiclo ness of the elements varying in proportion to the setwi'se width of" their respective photographable characters. The successive leftward advances after each removal of an element are transmitted by the feed rack ES to the vertical rack l2 and con verted to downward advances of the latter through the agency of suitable gear and shaft connections between the respective racks, such. connections including a pro-selected fixed-ratio gear unit 13. A supply of exchangeable gear units I3" is contained in the storage case at the bottom of the camera housing Ill each unit being provided with a gear-train suited to effect movement of the rack 12 in a different ratio relative to the rack 6. By selecting the proper unit the advances of the rack H! are caused to harmonize with the enlarged or reduced size of the images projected by one or another fixed focus lens L4, L-Z, Ill-"3, etc, provided on a turret turned by a dial It, Fig. 2, to pre-select a desired lens.

The vertical rack e hes. ace or. o, l... r angle oracket l5 secured to the top of the light-- tight film holder !6. In response to the corn current step-by-step movements of the gear connected racks E and i2 the elements are suc cessively removed from the composed line thereit of, the film holder descends hy gr the cxtd't r l 1111) El We: ticular point-size type, thus to form images extending vertically across the that is, from the bottom toward the top edge thereof. As seen in Figs. 2, and lo, the holder iii is guided in its up and down movermnts by rollers which ergo as in traclzway at eac rig a. vert e To 1: or uniform star ing margin for lines in the different type sizes projected, the adjustable headpiece which I2 is provided with an adiii ins oint cl se being pro "Ti the o0 set to elease the f photographing of the first element of the line.

Upon completion of line of exposures the ele- 515% ment feed chains 9 are stopped and the fillifl holder [ii is elevated to restore it to starting posi-- tion for the next line of exposures. Such res-- toration of the film holder is effected by a chain I! connected to the top of the holder and extending over suitable sprockets to the delivery lever E, the chain. psi r'" lever leftrurd elem its t. e

up during descent O1. of the and holder l 1 ning to its During its ret lly 1Vt line-folio .ical rack: shown in Fig. 1.

Upon full restoration of the film holder the mechani shown in 2 to 5 op "ates to e vance the F n to the ex ent req red spacing the successive lines of photographic exposures. This mechanism comprises the 1615 milled fi m o mning discs l? secured. to the shaft W11 nned at its lov er end to the outer ring mem oer of the familiar tyne slip clutch illustrated in 5. The arrangement is such that the clutch slips when its driving member 4 nected through the wire cord to the shiftable bar '33, turns in response to shifting the bar to the l ft, but grips and turns the sh clutch 29 whereby to adv nce h he when the bar shifts to the ri ht. 'lh car shifts to the left, under tension of the spring 2:2, when the conn cted co-acting levers 2t. reel: from the position shown 3 to that shown in Fig. 4;. Such rocking of the levers 715, BE; occurs in response to the depression in the contour of the cam 27 as the latter starts rotating through the last degrees or thereabout to complete a cycle after restoration of the film holder. The gradual rise which immediately follows the depression in the cam 21 then rocks the levers 25, 26 from the position shown in Fig. l back to that shown in Fig. 3, the lever 25 engaging the stop 28 on the bar 23 and shifting the latter to the right, whereby the engaged clutch members 2B, 7.! operate to turn the shaft I!) and thus advance the film.

A stepped drum 29, pre-set by a dial 3t and cooperative with a pin 3| in the bar 23, limits the extent of shift of the bar to the left (in the slip direction of the clutch) and in consequence the extent of its return shift to the right for advancing the film. Ordinarily the drum 29 would be set in correspondence with the pointsize of type indicated on the lens dial i l, but it be desired to space successive lines further apart than normal. for a given point-sise of type, according to the well known practice of leadingout between lines to lengthen a column thereof, the drum 2!; may be set to permit a correspondingly greater stroke of the bar 23.

The film perforating mechanism According to the invention the mechanism for perforating a sheet of film or paper to provide the before-mentioned physical aligning and locating indicia comprises punches associated with the filrn holder of the photocomposing machine. Two embodiments of such punches are shown herein, the essential difference being in the timing of their operation. Thus, in the embodiment shown in Figs. 6 to 10, actuating are provided for operating and immediately withdrawing the punches upon completion of each line of exposures and before the sensitized sheet is advanced to receive a succeeding line of exposures. In the embodiment shown in Figs. 50 to 53, actuating means are provided for operatthe punches at the start of each new line of exposures and holding them engaged in the sheet until the line of exposures is completed, then withdrawing them to permit advance of the sheet to receive the next line of exposures.

Referring first to the embodiment shown in Figs. 6 to 10, there is arranged within the film holder it the upper and lower punches and respectively, these punches being disposed toward the opposite ends of the film passage 34 so as to perforate the film within its opposite edges. As best seen in Fig. 10, the punches align vertically with the optical projection axis OO which passes centrally through the individual exposure aperture 16 in the film holder guide plate 1 5, the film holder casing having the vertically elongated aperture or window 56 through which the successive exposures are made in line across the film and in alignment with the optical axis as fresh areas of the film pass the aperture lo during the step-by-step descents oi the holder. Each punch is guided in a suitable fixed block for reciprocation laterally across the passage fill through which the film travels from the rear or supply case 35 to the front or re" ceiving case 3 3, these cases being detachably secured to the holder ll; for purposes of reloading and of removing exposed portions of film any time. As indicated, the lower punch is coupled to the lower end of a lever 31 which is pivoted at and the upper punch 32 is coupled to the upper end of a lever 39, the latter being pivoted at til and coupled at its lower end to a cross pin 4! in the lever 31. 

